Экономические понятия

mr.trader5 days ago

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G20 Summit or G20 Summit

The G20 Summit, or G20 Summit, is a meeting of finance ministers and central bankers of the world's 20 largest economies. The G20 also brings together representatives of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The G20 was created at the initiative of the G8 in 1999 to address important economic issues. The G20 is joined by the European Union and 19 other countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the PRC, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, USA, Turkey, France, South Africa, and the Republic of Korea. The economies of these countries account for 90% of world gross national product and 80% of world trade. Summit countries represent 2/3 of the world's population. It should be noted that before 2008.

mr.traderJanuary 22, 2025

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Asylum Currency

What is a shelter currency? A sanctuary currency is a slang exchange term that defines a currency as a means of hedging or temporarily preserving assets during crises or increased volatility in the markets. Which currencies qualify as safe haven currencies? A safe haven currency is the currency of the country with the most stable economy and often a low interest rate. Historically this role has been played by the Swiss franc and Japanese yen as well as gold as the most liquid instrument in the market. Other articles on Forex Currency Types: Refuge and Commodity Currencies Forex Fundamental Analysis: Forex Features Worth Watching Hedging: Effective Insurance Against Trading Risks Interest Rates: Risk-free Returns

mr.traderJanuary 11, 2025

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Monetary policy

What is monetary policy? Monetary policy (MP) is also known as the monetary policy of the state and is a set of measures that are taken by the Central Bank of the country by influencing the state of credit and money circulation. These measures are a way to regulate business activity, create favorable economic conditions for citizens' living and doing business, strengthen the national currency rate, and maintain stability in the country and sustainability of the balance of payments. What are the objectives of monetary policy? The objectives of the state's monetary policy are: Regulating inflation Achieving full employment Regulating the growth rate of the economy Timely response to cyclical fluctuations in the economy Ensuring stability and regulating the balance of payments What are the instruments of monetary policy? The main instruments of monetary policy are...

mr.traderJuly 30, 2024

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Economic sanctions

Economic sanctions - economic measures of a restrictive nature, which are applied by a state or a group of states to another country. Sanctions may take the form of a complete or partial ban on exports and imports of products, as well as the introduction of restrictions on financial transactions, including cross-border payments and investments. Currently, a number of multilateral mechanisms for imposing sanctions by the international community against individual states, the basis for which are decisions of the United Nations, have been developed. The purpose of economic sanctions is to force a state government to change its policies. This can have different levels of significance: from changing decisions on individual agreements, to radical changes in the state structure. It can also include accession to a certain international treaty,...

mr.traderJuly 13, 2024

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Repurchase agreement rate (repo rate)

Repurchase agreement rate (repo rate) - interest rate, which is used when carrying out repo transactions. Repo operations mean operations with securities with the obligatory obligation of the seller to repurchase the security from the buyer after a certain period of time and at a certain price. Actually, a repo transaction is a short-term loan against securities, although it is formalized as a purchase and sale transaction. It is expressed as a percentage per annum. High repo rates have a negative effect on consumer credit growth and a positive effect on savings growth, which in turn leads to slower economic growth. As a rule, an increase in repo rates causes an inflow of capital into...

mr.traderSeptember 8, 2023

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The Treaty of Maastricht

The Treaty of Maastricht is a document that was signed on February 7, 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands, which marked the beginning of the European Union. The purpose of the Maastricht Treaty The Maastricht Treaty was designed to transform the then European Community into a political, economic and monetary bloc. It was the Maastricht Treaty which set the criteria for the country's joining the EU: inflation growth rate, level of interest rates, government budget deficit, public debt level and others. The Maastricht Treaty also defined the procedure for the introduction of the single European currency "Euro" and provided for the creation of a financial regulator (European Central Bank). The Treaty significantly expanded the powers of the European Parliament, which...

mr.traderJuly 27, 2023

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What is LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate)?

Что такое процентная ставка LIBOR? Процентная ставка LIBOR — это Лондонская межбанковская ставка предложения (англ. London Interbank Offered Rate или LIBOR) рассчитывается как средневзвешенная процентная ставка по межбанковским кредитам, предоставляемым банками, которые предлагают средства на сроки от 1 месяца до года в различных валютах. Ставка LIBOR рассчитывается для таких валют как: доллар США, евро, японская иена, фунт стерлингов, датская и шведская крона, швейцарский франк, а также новозеландский, австралийский и канадский доллар. Как определяется ставка LIBOR ? Ставку LIBOR фиксирует ассоциация банков Великобритании с 1985 года. Как уполномоченный агент банковской ассоциации Великобритании агентство Thomson Reuters  ежедневно в 11:00 по западноевропейскому времени уточняет у 16 первоклассных банков цену…

mr.traderJuly 27, 2023

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Investor

Who is an investor? An investor is an individual or legal entity that invests its own or borrowed funds in various investment projects. The investor's investment capital is represented in the form of property, resources or intellectual product. Often investors invest in long-term projects. Investors can be individuals, the state, enterprises, organizations, entrepreneurs, as well as players in the securities market. The investor independently chooses the size, direction and efficiency of investments. Certainly, investor activity is associated with risk. The investor himself determines the ratio of profitability of future investments and the degree of risk associated with the investment. The best result of investing is achieved by diversifying the investment portfolio, i.e. dispersing funds across...

mr.traderJuly 7, 2023

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Mutual funds of index funds of shares (index mutual funds)

What are index UIFs? Index share UIFs are a type of unit investment funds whose portfolio reflects the composition of various stock indices, i.e. it contains the shares from which the chosen index is composed. According to the Russian legislation, the difference between the share of a security in the index and the portfolio of UIF of index funds of shares must not exceed 3%. Russian funds of this type are mainly oriented on MICEX and RTS indices. Until recently only MICEX was used because RTS did not comply with FFMS (Federal Financial Markets Service) requirements. After RTS became weighted by capitalization and liquidity of shares, there appeared several index mutual funds, which use shares in it for their portfolio....

mr.traderJuly 4, 2023

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Exchange rate parity (currency parity)

What is exchange rate parity (currency parity)? Parity of exchange rates (currency parity) is the legally established ratio between two currencies which is the basis of the exchange rate. What is the purpose of exchange rate parity? Parity is the basis for the formation of exchange rates, because it determines their ratio in the manner prescribed by law. That is, with the help of parity is determined by the ratio of the national currency to the currencies of other states. Parity can be determined using any currency unit. At the moment, there are two modes for the exchange rate: a fixed exchange rate; floating exchange rate. How did modern currency parity come about? Before 1978, exchange rate parity was determined by the gold content of currencies, i.e., the amount of...

mr.traderJuly 3, 2023

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Interest rate (percent rate)

What is the interest rate? The interest rate is the interest charged by the lender for the use of borrowed funds. The calculation period varies and is set out in the contract, usually monthly, quarterly or annually. What are the different interest rates? We distinguish between interest rates of the Central Bank, lending operations of credit institutions with non-banking customers, the yield of securities (such as bonds), etc. The interest rate can be real, i.e. cleared of inflation, or nominal, which takes into account the amount of inflation. There are also fixed interest rates, which do not change throughout the contract, and floating interest rates, which are reviewed once every certain period. The latter, for example, includes the interest rate...

mr.traderJune 2, 2023

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Russian ruble (RUB)

The Russian Ruble (RUB) is the national currency of the Russian Federation. The international ISO currency code is RUB. Numerical code is 643. The ruble is a multiple of 100 kopecks. The ruble has been used since the 13th century being originally a part of the hryvnia, which was cut into several parts (hence the name). The Russian ruble (RUB) for a long time did not have its own official designation, as, for example, the usual dollar $. Now it is a capital letter "P" with a horizontal line on its foot. At the moment in circulation are denominations of 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 rubles. Coins are available in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 50 kopecks. In addition, there are available...

mr.traderMay 30, 2023

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Big Ten (G10) countries

What is the Big Ten? The Group of Ten (G10) are the nations that signed the General Agreement on Loans in Paris in 1962. What countries are members of the G10? Originally the G10 was made up of Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. In 1964, Switzerland joined the Group of Ten, however, the name of the association remained unchanged. Also, the Bank for International Settlements, the European Commission, the IMF and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) take part in the G10 as observers. Why was the G10 created? The original purpose of this association was to finance IMF funds by lending to the latter. The money...

mr.traderMay 30, 2023

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Stabilization Fund (Stabilization Fund)

What is a stabilization fund? The state stabilization fund (Stabilization Fund) is a monetary fund, formed most often from the state's excess revenues, whose main task is to maintain the stability of the country's economic condition during periods of crisis. During non-crisis periods, funds from the stabilization fund are used at the discretion of the state financial authorities, including investments. Every country has such a stabilization fund to some extent. Does Russia have a stabilization fund? The stabilization fund of the Russian Federation is a part of the federal budget formed by the excess of the price of oil over the base price of oil, which is subject to separate accounting, management and use in order to balance the federal budget if the price of oil falls below...

mr.traderMay 16, 2023

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Macroeconomic data (indicators)

Что такое макроэкономические данные? Макроэкономические данные –  это важнейшие экономические показатели разных стран, используемые аналитиками, инвесторами, трейдерами для прогнозирования рыночной ситуации. Макростатистика отражает важные стороны экономической ситуации отдельно взятой страны или региона. К таким данным относятся сведения по уровню занятости населения, объемам производства, ВВП, инфляции и др. Зачем нужны макроэкономические данные трейдеру? Макроэкономические показатели страны являются важнейшим индикатором состояния экономики государства и, как следствие, индикатором силы государственной валюты по принципу «чем сильнее экономика, тем крепче национальная валюта». Макроэкономические данные являются одним из основных инструментов фундаментального анализа рынка . Выход макроэкономических данных влияет на все типы торговли: как на внутридневную, так…

mr.traderDecember 19, 2022

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Китайский юань (yuan)

Китайский юань (англ. yu?n) – официальная денежная единица Китайской Народной Республики (Китая), а также валюта других китайскоязычных регионов (Тайваня, Гонконга и Макао). «Юань» в китайском языке является обозначением базовой валютной единицы, т.е. приставка «китайский» необходима для определения страны происхождения валюты. В итоге, юань Китая — базовая единица китайской денежной системы жэньминьби. Международное обозначение китайского юаня – CNY (ISO 4217). 1 юань кратен 10 цзяо, которые делятся на 10 фэней. Выпуск юаней находится в ведении Народного банка Китая.

mr.traderDecember 19, 2022

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Liquidity

Что такое ликвидность? Ликвидность (лат. liquidus — жидкий, перетекающий) – термин экономики, который обозначает свойство активов быстро обращаться в денежный эквивалент, то есть быть проданным по цене, равной текущей рыночной. Другими словами, ликвидность — способность актива быть проданным быстро с минимальными денежными потерями, связанными со скоростью реализации. В чем суть ликвидности? Ликвидными могут быть предприятия, ценные бумаги, недвижимость, драгоценности и т.д. Если о чем-то говорят «ликвидный актив», это означает, что он может быть быстро обращен в деньги, то есть на него существует высокий спрос. Широкое применение термина «ликвидность» дает возможность глубже понимать процессы купли-продажи разнообразных товаров и оценивать их характеристики. Ликвидность является качественной…

mr.traderDecember 18, 2022

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American Stock Exchange (AMEX)

Что такое биржа AMEX? Американская Фондовая Биржа (American Stock Exchange, AMEX) — одна из крупнейших и известных в среде трейдеров региональных бирж США, расположенная в Нью-Йорке. Официальный сайт AMEX: www.nyse.com/markets/nyse-mkt  История Американской фондовой биржи AMEX AMEX была основана в 1911 году, когда нью-йоркские уличные торговцы акциями объединились в ассоциацию New York Curb Market Association. В 1953 году бирже было присвоено нынешнее название. В начале 1990-х годов на AMEX впервые в мире была введена система электронных торгов с использованием беспроводных терминалов. В 1998 году биржа была куплена NASDAQ, но в 2004 году участники AMEX выкупили площадку. С 2008 года AMEX входит в группу NYSE…

mr.traderDecember 15, 2022

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Economic cycle

Понятие экономического цикла Экономический цикл – особый тип периодических колебаний экономической активности, состоящих в повторяющемся расширении и сжатии экономики, что сопровождается колебаниями уровня деловой активности, производства, занятости, уровня цен и других макроэкономических показателей. Экономические циклы могут различаться по продолжительности, интенсивности и прочим параметрам, тем не менее уже первые исследователи цикличности обратили внимание, что все циклы имеют одни и те же четко выраженные этапы (фазы). Виды экономических циклов Классифицируют экономические циклы в зависимости от их продолжительности: столетние циклы, чья продолжительность составляет сто и более лет; «циклы Кондратьева», которые длятся 50-70 лет. Свое название они получили от выдающегося русского экономиста Н.Д. Кондратьева,…

mr.traderNovember 27, 2022

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Diversification in the market

Что такое диверсификация? Диверсификация (от лат. diversus — разный и facere — делать) в биржевой терминологии представляет собой распределение активов и капиталов инвестора между различными способами вложений с целью сократить риск потерь. В чем суть и цель диверсификации на ? Каждый трейдер должен понимать, что торговля валютой  всегда подвержена определенному риску. Суть диверсификации состоит в том, чтобы обезопасить свои активы и разработать стратегии диверсификации, направленные на получение прибыли независимо от направления движения цены валютной пары. Простыми словами, диверсификация — это наглядная демонстрация выражения «не кладите все яйца в одну корзину». Основная цель диверсификации капитала заключается в том, чтобы обезопасить трейдера от полной потери…